![]() These window implants allow imaging of awake mice, which is important for investigation of brain function without the confounding effects of anesthesia on the physiology of nervous and cardiovascular systems. Previous studies have described design and surgical implantation of chronic cranial windows in mice enabling longitudinal measurements ( Mostany and Portera-Cailliau, 2008 Holtmaat et al., 2009 Andermann et al., 2010 Goldey et al., 2014 Roome and Kuhn, 2014 Heo et al., 2016). On the other hand, two-photon (2-P) microscopy yields micron resolution but is limited by relatively shallow penetration (in common practice, limited to the upper cortical layers) and relatively small field of view (usually, <1 mm). For example, while ultrasound (US) allows whole-brain imaging of cerebral blood flow, it cannot achieve micron resolution. Each imaging technology has unique advantages and disadvantages. The utilization of multiple imaging modalities in neuroscience enables comprehensive investigation of brain structure and function. Following these techniques and practices will yield higher experimental success and reproducibility of results. Here, we detail a suite of surgical techniques for installation of different cranial windows targeted for specific imaging technologies and their combination. ![]() Different imaging technologies have their unique advantages and combining multiple imaging modalities offers measurements of a wide spectrum of neuronal, glial, vascular, and metabolic parameters needed for comprehensive investigation of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. 5Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkĬhronic cranial windows allow for longitudinal brain imaging experiments in awake, behaving mice.4Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, Turkey.3Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUSTech, Shenzhen, China. ![]() 2Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.1Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.Kıvılcım Kılıç 1 *, Michèle Desjardins 2, Jianbo Tang 1,3, Martin Thunemann 1, Smrithi Sunil 1, Şefik Evren Erdener 1,4, Dmitry D.
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